P A R T 1
The question collection
<Question of the person that tries to do music>
Are you a genius? : "You are not genius."
You are not genius, because, you are reading this now. Certainly the genius is in the world. He has the very good voice or he plays with the good sound for instance, as soon as play a musical instrument for the first time. Even the conductor *27, one is able to put out good sound but also some person who can not do so is. There is the musician who does not have so good sound regrettably, while doing a very good performance.
However, the genius who produces the wonderful music by nature is nonexist. Because the music is the field that is improved with learn. The music is the art that tells feeling that we experience with life.
The musician is the person who is going to tell something understood through various experiences. But the ability needed for they absolutely is the talent that learns and makes an effort.
Is the talent necessary? : "Not necessary."
There is the genius that had a wonderful talent and the talent had better exist certainly. However, the ability of many kinds is necessary, as the talent is not said about the music with only one word. This is the reason for that is said 'Even the luck is a thing of the talent'. It is exercise ability that is necessary especially. If you have muscular power, the instantaneous power, durability Etc, it is good. But it is needless it like the sports player. If it is exceeding the ability of a general person considerably rather it may give sense of incongruity *5.
If you have a flexible attitude for the body and mind, your body will be built up and even the rich sensitivity will be growing up. Exceeding it, the power that tries to understand the others, cause to an active attitude, and aspiration, this is important ability.
So to speak, the balanced ability same as the people is good usually.
Anyone can do music, if he hopes.
Must we go to learn? : " The sufficient is the attitude of learn to be in you. "
You do not have to learn, if you compose for a self, and also you are slipshod the mouth the favorite song alone. However, the music is the communication with others basically. It is a shorter and certain way, to learn the law of performance, the method of vocalization and musical instruments, the scores reading etc. from the specialist who has many experiences.
Even the power that we learn from a person is important ability. It is difficult to do music correctly, if you do not learn.
The person who says 'the music does with feeling and talent knowledge' is thinking it insufficiently. Or, we have to say that be conceited entirely and they are doing the attitude of haughty self-satisfaction, if the person who is doing music says so. If you learn and make an effort opposite, you will be able to do music and become skillful. The doing music is same to speak the word. As we did not get to speak the word only with self's ability, we should know it when we studied a foreign language.
Because even learning is communication, we must do it.
The attitude of learning is indispensable absolutely, even if you do not go to learning.
How do you learn it? : " Study all things."
You must learn 2 things. One thing is to do many experiences of life and to gaze at it. Therefore, it is not the thing that is made in a short time.
Another thing must master the technology that is to make the experience into sounds. The learning from the predecessor is indispensable for that. The learning in self-taught and in the narrow world is to get mistook the method of study, besides hinders communication easily. As for this point, this does not differ such as life study.
The music is study.
＜Let's try to think about music＞
What is the music? : "A comfortable case.
Music is enjoyed with sound. And, it is an experience of doing good heart feeling.
What is the sound? : "The vibration."
It is the vibration such as air something. It is the sound of using with music if a meaning is given on the vibration consciously. It is the important element that tone *17 and expression, convey the feeling just as word is same especially.
What is the vibration? : "Movement."
Largely is the movement of the universe and small is movement of the elementary particle.
What is the vibration of the air something? : "The density wave"
The density wave of the air is that the thin part and deep part of the air continuously appears alternately.
It is 1 Hz, when it appears once a second.
We are recognizing the vibration of the tympanum of 16Hz-30000Hz approximately to a sound. Incidentally 440Hz is been fixed in a 1 *6. However, 442Hz are general recently. Our ear can feel the only even 1/100 difference per second.
What is air something? : "It is all the one that feels with our body."
There is case it transmits sound to a direct bone and skin, besides a sound is transmitted with air. Even the vibration that we feel with the body can say sound. For example, it is vibration of the low frequency pollution that is caused with traffic facilities etc. To influence a tone quality also the high frequency that is not heard to the ear the audio lover is to know well.
How do we have fun? : "Listening, doing and making"
There are 3 methods, to play, to listen and to compose.
What is the pleasure of listening? : "Feel it."
It is not sufficient only listening , although it is not difficult. There is the topic that is heard well recently. If alcohol and plant listens to some music of Mozart growth becomes early and also seems to be matured to delicious alcohol.
If we think that the music is as feeling a good vibration we can say so.
That is the music of the ultimate.
What is meaning that is not only listening? "It does the image."
We see a movie, a novel and a painting etc, only do so merely or not? The word that reads the space between the lines in a sentence is. There is the fun that is reading the intention of the author while doing variety and imagination from the contents. Music is the same case too positive. However, sound is an abstract thing *7. The image is based on sympathy *8 of the experience and experience of a self. Even if that music is very enjoyable if he listened to it at the first time when he was sad he recalls sadness. Ｔhe person may be able to taste the fun for the first time, if sadness is healed.
What is the intention of the author (the composer)? : " It is all of His."
We can see not only the thought of stage effect *9 but also the era environment, background, depth state of mind *10 of a composer. It is the interest things, although deep reading is like a peep. Even it is one of big pleasure also.
<Performance>
How do we Performance? : "Speak for him."
Half is the pleasure that self listens to. Additional half is to talk understanding of the self-feeling and also to speak for the intention of a composer to audience. We can say it the ballet without movement or the play without the word.
In any case, it has the story and it is played by the playbook (the score). We call the score, in other word the script (the playbook) in West.
How do we talking? : "We chat to the self."
The problem is easy, because it is our daily deed, to tell in the word. A problem will get up, to try to chat with sound. We must talk to audience with actively tone because it is the One side communication always when we play. However, we must do not self-righteously. We must do not only to chat with audience but also to react to chat with the self in future and player fellow, besides must answer.
To the self of future? : "The art of time. "
The music is art *11 of the time. The sound to put out now has been the thing of the past already. Therefore, it assumed that always we are talking to the self in future.
What is self-righteous? : "We can not say a lie. "
Although many people say that there are various interpretation *12. A correct thing is only one merely. It is only the music that was sounding in the head of the composer. Also, we are difficult to notice the expression that mistook unlike the word. Although the plot *13 does not change much on the play-book of a word, and music has changed right away, because a meaning is established only with the expression of sound.
Also rather the expression of self-satisfaction has caused even loathing *14, besides it gets sympathy *8 of only few people. It seems an insolent expression if it does nothing conversely.
The music can talk more the feeling than the word.
A lie is not able to say *15 with music.
What is the expression that mistook? : "It is due to immaturity."
Its cause is the immaturity of performance technology and expressive power in addition to the mistake of the understanding of music. It spread like self-thinks or not to do. This is the problem.
What is performance technology? : "The technology of communication."
It is the expression technology for communication all. It is the method of the conversations (the music score reading ability, and ensembles) with other costarring person and composer, in addition to the method of the expression of self.
Communication? : "Do the ensemble. "
It is the exchanging with the self of the past, the self of the future, the people to play together, the audience and own. Your sound to put out just now is the other's sound already. It is the interest of time art *16.
It is said in the ensemble.
What is the tone? : "Ｔhe feigned voice. "
The expression that sound has. It include Tone *17 and intonation. Intonation is the meaning of this nuance now, although it is used in the meaning that included the element, musical intervals, rhythm, strength and nuance etc. all of music in Europe. We can take even that makes the meaning of the quite converse with it. If we say tone *17 with the way of the word, it is the assumed voice that is a special expression method upon.
It is the sound against to the noise, if remotely compared.
What is the dynamic of sound? : "The expression thing. "
I do not need to explain that there are big and small sounds now. But, its meaning is not only strength as volume, when we use it with music.
Some expression and some intention are necessary. Such volume sound as surprised sound of thunder etc is necessary. However, the small sound as not heard is not necessary. It is no meaning at all. However, those are not a few cases. It is listened frequently that sounds are making as weak not to hear almost. The judgment on a relative balance against the whole (The ensemble) is necessary strictly.
The volume as the expression is the element that we are not able to separate from tone *17 at all. The sound strength to have meaningless is needless. The way of deciding such like the adjustment of audio volume is the mistake much more.
A relative balance? : "The sense of a player."
Even the balance of tone *17 is a very important element in addition to the balance of volume. The understanding of the general relation is important because the relation of power has advantage on the balance of volume. Because the air of the same space is vibrated, the imagination of the whole sound must be unified.
The tone *17 is similar to the coloring in a painting. If an object tone *17 is the affiliated color with background it has buried. If individually decides tone *17 selfishly, the whole becomes unclear. The excellent method of the balance is necessary besides, not alone it is always arranged merely. The sense of the player is asked there.
What is the sound? : "The Clearly tone."
The sound being used with music, most are the part of clear sound. However, there is the noise, when a sound begins. The former is called the sound usually. The constitution of sound is made with pure overtone *21. The sound is made by the form (Form of the pronunciation of vowel *18, EMBOUCHURE) of the mouth, by the body space *19 and by the muscles tension *20 etc for vocal music and for playing musical instrument, and can be changed freely.
What is the overtone *21? : "The component of sound."
Even one sound is mixed many tones. However, it is not unrelated tone but all keep the orderly relation. The lowest tone is called the pedal tone. A sound is made of every tones that have the number of oscillations of the integer time of the pedal tone, in other words overtone *21. If it is not an integer time the sound is that denies each other it. (Phase difference *47)
How do we make the sound with the body? : "The body is a musical instrument."
For example as the way of making sounds on the stringed instrument structure is easy to understand. The bow causes the string and rubbing vibration. The vibration is conveyed to the resonance box through the bridge. In the resonance box some pure overtones *21 amplify but non-fitting sounds decrease. In Vocal music and wind instrument we can replace the bow to breath, string to the vocal chords and lips lead etc, bridge to the tooth and framework, resonance box to the body. The sound is making in a body.
We use the expression "The musical instrument sounds very well". However, "The body is affecting it well" is correctly speaking, may be.
EMBOUCHURE？: "The form of around mouth for the vowel."
When we utter a word we change the form in the mouth and are making various sounds. It is the case such as the space and jaw in the mouth.
There are a Tatami mat and Shohji etc. in the living environment of Japan. Therefore, we are living in the sound environment without echo very much. And the sound of a word does not become rich. Besides, the sound of vowel *18 is hard. If it is spoken clearly, it will become like the shouting voice. It is an example to be heard as the words of the drama actor on the television and the stage, are always shouting so. It may be the indication even that a music classroom is made like the disecho room with the stopping soundboard.
The sound environment of the life in the West is the manner thing that is living in a bathroom so to speak, Because the room is made of stone. They are living in where many of the reverberation and echoes exist always. Persons feel very noisily, if they speak by disclear sounds always. Thereupon, the pronunciations of the rich vowel *18 and of the clearness consonant *18 are indispensable for the clear word.
What is the reverberation and echo? : "The sound of space."
The reverberation is said that there are 2.5 seconds or 3 seconds with concert hall etc. It is one of the characteristics of the European architecture. In the first place, the space like the cave that is the high dome ceiling style produces the sound so.
The reverberation is an element that produces the echo. The ordinariness calls the sound that rebounded directly the echo.
Tone *17? : "The expression of sound."
We use it synonymously with sound. A part of consonant *18 as the expression of the beginning of the sound *22 is included in tone *17 also. The difference of tone *17 Is way of including of Overtone *21. However, it is said now that we feel it by the difference of the beginning of sound *22 on the musical psychology.
Beginning of sound *22? : "The consonant."
As for the beginning of sound, there are two expressions. One is like blowing and rising, and other is pronunciation clearly. The sound that we are heard everyday is the clear sound. However, the sound of the urgency siren and of the wind that is made disclearly beginning does not hear much the ordinariness. The feeling such as anxious and loneliness is caused recalled. When we play with the stringed instrument (especially the Pizzicato), percussion instrument, and piano, the sound beginning is only clearly one way. We must use the technique of the tonguing in the playing the Wind instrument. It corresponds in consonant *18 of the word.
# Is tonguing necessary? : "Necessary."
It is the most important technique in the playing musical instrument. It is the method that sound is put out air with the regular pressure and the speed, from the beginning by using the tongue.
When we make a sound, if we begin it from 0 the musical interval becomes high and settles with the Doppler effect. Even if the breath is discharged as fast as possible it can do no solution. At first we save the pressure of the same breath to stabilized into the mouth and the opening of the lead or the lips do the plug with the tongue. The stabilized sound is obtained right away as soon as the plug is drawn out after.
As it is written in the word it is difficult. However, it is same with the pronunciation of consonant *18 in our speaking time. when we say ' ＰＡ ', the consonant *18 of ' P' is the most clear pronunciation . If we attach a tongue to it, it is skillful tonguing even.
The word of the attack *23 is used. However, because there is a strong image aggressively it is easy to bring misunderstanding. No matter how it is a gentle saying, the pronunciation as clearness is indispensable.
We Japanese are poor at the pronunciation as clearness. As for it, there is little reverberation in the place of life. And Japanese does not have difficulty much even if there are not consonant *18. However, we become difficult to catch in the space of the many reverberations and the many echoes like West architecture and the bathroom. For example a sentence of 'AOI-IE (blue house in Japanese)' of the word that has the meaning without the manner consonant *18 is rare in the world.
What is the Doppler effect? : "The sound of the siren of the ambulance. "
This is the theory of relativity by Dr.Einstein (1879-1955).
When the ambulance approaches the siren sounds high. Opposite, when it goes away the siren sounds low. It is the theory explained of this case. When car approaches, the interval of the airwave shrinks proportion as the speed of its run, and the sound becomes higher heard. As it goes away from, the proportion gets to grow, and we hear the sound lower. Sound changes without fail, if we play while moving, not limited to the wind instrument.
＜Ensemble＞
What is the ensemble? : "The consciousness of each other."
It is the most important deed when we play music.
It is the feeling that sympathizes with the others (audience even inclusion). We can not do good music without the consciousness among each other *24. If you am concerned with a partner, even if it is doing disregard it is said as expression. The relation between you and whole makes to affect to the expression of all. On good performance each other admits mutual existence, and he answers the assertion of each other. But when a performance is played mechanically individually even if it is however correctness, it can not become a good one. In such a meaning, a performance becomes the differed thing each time. Therefore it has the extemporaneous composition *25 always.
The Extemporaneous composition *25? : "Natural relation."
Let's explain it concretely. Someone had put sound early a little. You must decide the next sound that will be put for encourage of more accelerate or for return to the source tempo. Your intention is reflected in there naturally. In other words, it can not decide in advance and the instantaneously handling is necessary. As for it the intention is reflected more clearly in the musical interval. Whether it is connected with the sound of before or not is decided with the next sound. In other words, if the next sound is musical interval of natural relation *26 with before sound even if it is not mechanically exact, it is connected with the sound of before. If a sound was corrected mechanically particularly, the connection with the sound of before is gone.
Is the musical interval decided in the chord necessary? : "It is not decided."
The lowest-pitched sound (root note) is always deciding the musical interval of the chord, to cause a chord harmony. When the relation to the low-pitched sound is missing, even if it is however mechanically exact sounds, no audience thinks that it is doing harmony. The correct was a low-pitched sound but the highest sound missed, they had seen so. It must correspond relatively after all.
Is the leader necessary in an ensemble? : "Ｔhe ensemble is the ideal society."
The performance structure of music seems a group the totalitarian leader is a necessary. However, we can say that it is consisting with the ideal social structure entirely. An influence of one opinion is exerted to the whole without disregard. Needless to say, even many principles work there. But the whole direction is not necessarily influenced with only the test of strength. It is always done the ensemble.
＜conductor *27＞
Is the conductor the leader? : "One of a player."
Even conductor *27 is also doing the ensemble. He does not differ with the player. He seems like the dictator. He becomes only to dig his grave, if he behaves like that. It failed completely, although the orchestra tried the performance without conductor, because the conductor is a dictator target in the old Soviet Union. This proved that the conductor is necessary to the orchestra after all. Although the conductor *27 is a leader certainly he is not manipulating each with point of the stick. He has the duty that advances in good direction, while looking at the whole. If the one's thinking is pushed against forcibly the unreasonable confusion will cause. Although in the era when conductor *27 was an owner at one time he was so. Now it is impossible.
Is not conductor *27 pulling everyone? : "Everyone is going together."
It is the word of an old famous conductor. "Director does not do the carry and must do the drive". The players not only obey to the instructions of conductor *27 but also hold subjective will and keep mutual relation strongly, and he must go advancing music together. If all together are able to make up one organism *28 it is an ideal. We are calling admonishing conductor *27 "the first base violin conductor". And, we remonstrate to him that a bad conductor is going on the head personally.
The ensemble is three-legged race *29 positively. Everyone advances with cooperating each other.
<Understanding music>
What is the understanding music? : "The understanding to the composer."
The music is the thing that is told with sound. The understanding through the scorer to the work and compose, except for the own composed music , are necessary. It is necessary that the person who sees it is reading it actively because the score does not say the thing. The intention of the greater composer's work is easy to understand after all. Therefore, even the deep contents can be felt.
How do the music tell with sound? : " With own word (the music)."
The letter of the music that was written on the score is the musical note. And we look into a brain of composer from the symbol and motto that were attached. First of all, the work that we finds out the melody *48 what kind of its was sounding in the head of the composer is necessary. And, we play as such the own music. We speak so to audience.
What is the score? : "The blueprint of music."
Blueprint of because what a composer hands down the intention of himself to the player. Even we can say it the graph what put length (time) to the horizontal axis, height of sound pitch to the vertical axis.
Dynamic symbols *30, and various symbols, and words (the motto) have been written. But there are many cases that are difficult to read rather, because he adds to write rational description, to try to convey to the player precisely. The first edition is used frequently on the work that has many revised editions. This cause is it may be.
What are the musical notes? : "The sound as it is."
Expressing the height of sound pitch with the head and the length in time is shown with the tail and flag etc.
What is the Symbol and the Motto? : "A note."
Only a musical note was almost written, until 200 before about the time when was Mozart. However, the various symbols and motto have come to be written, to convey the intention of a composer more precisely or to arrange the style of playing. The symbol such as the accent, staccato, slur was written to determine playing style *31 of the stringed instrument at the beginning. There is the attention of a necessary for us especially. There are many things that were added to write by the editing person in posterity in addition to the description of the composer. Original description must be restored.
What is the dynamic symbol? : "It is not the strength of sound."
It is expressed with the symbol such as f and p. However, it is not being shown only the strength of sound. It is teaching a various expression. ｆf and pp is two times as the strength as f and p. ｍf, mp is half of strength. The m (mezzo) is the meaning the half. It can even to know the beginning of a phrase, from the place where the symbol was written, although it is not an original role. If it is the score of own handwriting we can know anything clearly more.
Does it differ with that learned at school? : "It is not sufficient."
We learn the method (the basic rule of music the musical grammar) of the treatment that are instructed in the subject, without touching to an original meaning usually. There are many cases that become an expression of mistake for this.
For example
STACCATO is nonexistent by playing short（1/2）. It is the symbol that is written when a composer wants to clearly each note light or heavy.
FERMATA is no meaning to extend, and the meaning is the stop in Italian. The slur shows change of the bow *32 of the string instrument originally, although it is true to play smoothly. The consistency of the music such as the phrase is not shown necessarily.
# " Three elements of the music are melody *48, rhythm and harmony."
We do explanation by this word often.
There is not an objection in it. However, we must understand the relation is happening to each.
The rhythm is included to the melody. Needless to say the rhythm as the element is the concept of the expression of the foot-step such as dance. If they think the rhythm as music (the melody) all the rhythm are existing into melody *48.
On the other hand, if the sound exists, the harmony exists together.
As always a sound is accompanied by overtones *21 that is making harmony. If sound becomes a plural the constitution element of overtone *21 is decided and firmer harmony is formed. In other words if there is melody * 48 the harmony is accompanying it there.
If there is melody *48 a harmony and a rhythm accompanies to it without fail. Conversely the rhythm without sound does not exist, but the harmony without melody *48 has no meaning of existence in the music.
Because the music is the art with the progress in time we has paid attention in a moment too much, if we will understand it on the score. We come close processing it like digital. Do not do it.
The most important element of music is the flow. If the vector is analyzed and pay attention to the flow we should understand the essence of music .
What is the consistency of the music? : "The motif. "
The music can divide a melody by the sentence, by the phrases, and by a word like the words. Because there is a bar line and beat on the score, it is difficult to find out consistency. If we listen to it is not difficult.
If we are not thinking the minimum unit (motif *33) that establishes the meaning at least like when we do the talk, the listener is difficult to know. Especially, it becomes the cause of the unnaturalness of a musical interval in the voice and playing wind instrument.
"This music had been understood well. Or " He understood nothing!". It is said frequently that. In many cases it may be due to the processing of this point.
Part 3 reference (unrewarding)
＜Problem of the musical interval＞
What is the sound of height (musical interval)? : "The relation of the sound of nature.(Just intonation) "
Originally the composer showed the melody of own head to the musical notes.
Therefore, the musical note is the sound that exists in the nature. Although we should be able to express it with 12 sounds, we can do the classification to inside of about 1 octave 12 sounds simply. It is called the temperament that was arranged by the approximate classification. Usually piano and, reed organ, keyboard musical instrument etc. are tuned up to this tune.
Do to tune? : "Combining on the basis"
The doing to tune in the concert of an orchestra is the work which everyone is combining the musical instrument of the self on the basis of it that put the sound of a standard 'A' *34 that the oboe becomes first.
It needs to adjust it frequently in the string instrument, because its condition changes always. The string instrument shrinks or swells by temperature and humidity, because it was made by wood. Because a player decides the place of a musical interval as he holds down originally, he can make a delicate musical interval with the finger.
It is little necessity fundamentally for the wind instruments because the length and the capacity of the musical instrument change hardly by the day or by the environment. Even If it changes it has few influencing. If you do regular tuning in the advance there is no problem almost. As for the lead instruments etc. a little tune is necessary when the change of the lead does need. Therefore, men need make the custom that the adjustment starts from the oboe that is difficult to do it.
Why we need do the tune? : "It is to know the center."
The pitch is specified with the capacity and the specific gravity of a vibration object. However, the capacity of a wind instrument is decided with the air in. Specific gravity is influenced to the temperature of the air, in other words, breath. The speed of breath causes Doppler effect. Therefore, the musical interval of the instrument has been given a little width. Therefore, we need to request the center of this width. However, it needs not to do on the stage.
Then, what they are doing? : "The grasp of performance situation."
That is determining of condition and sense of the body that is another element as changes the musical interval. And It is a main purpose that we confirm the impression of balance and sound's color as the hole and the whole sound, in addition to each tuning.
What is the Just intonation？: " Good feeling tune."
We are saying it one octave that sound becomes the oscillation number of two times and we feel it like the sound of the same kind entirely. When it becomes 3 times, we feel it almost middle tone between 1 octave top and that sound. When it is repeated 12th order number tone becomes the sound close to almost original note (Circle of 5th *35).
And, many sounds by this relation are included in 1 piece of sound. We call this the overtone *21. It becomes the scale *37 that harmonizes very completely, if it is made with notes of only this manner.
This is called the Just intonation.
What is the temperament tune？: " Unnatural tune."
However, the scale *37 becomes different thing, if the standard sound changes. (It is to become the parabola if we write the musical scale of Just intonation in graph *36. We can imagine missing with an original curve, if the standard note is changed.) Thereupon, the temperament tune was made with the approximately tune *37. Therefore the sound of the exactly temperament without notes of 1 octave distance distorts. Therefore, you may be thinking so that we can not listen to the harmonized beautiful music. However, the sound is very accommodating naturally. Always the sound has a function that changes to harmonize. The basis is sounds to have strong power or to appear numerously. The sound changes to harmonize with that. This is the function of resonance.
What is the tune *37? : "The musical scale."
You may say as the musical scale. There are the various musical scales in each era and world every place. Overtone *21 of the low magnification and, the standard note (TONICA *39) are the principal. The whole is parent and child relation *38.
# How do we obtain the good musical interval? : "You are sufficient to know music."
The most important is to know the whole music. This is a very vague thing, what we know. However, it is doing always, when we speak a word. We are difficult to catch the meaning if the sentence was spoken without understanding. At first you must understand what will you say. It is the tone *40 and TONIC *39 in the music if we say easily. Music always tries to return in TONIC *39. It is like the gravity on the earth entirely.
The music that shows the outer space of zero gravity conversely therefore the tune without tone nature impression *40 is used ATONALITY MUSIC *40 such as DODECAPHONY. The power that tries to return to the TONIC *39 teaches tone *40 of the music. Therefore the player has to feel the power that tries to return to there and that is concerned with the TONIC *39 always. Needless to say the power of each sound differs.
In the strongest sound (DOMINANNTO *39) of the power that returns to TONIC *39. And also there is the power that attracts it to other sound. It is even the condition like a nest box (fractal) *41. Therefore we need to know where it reaches finally at last, after we knew the whole.
Concreteness example : " As we take out the voice."
We can rely most on the voice that used the body of a self. We make the condition of the body where was suited to the sound of the height most, when we will take out the voice of the certain height. We call it the form *42. Therefore, if you knew the final goal and the whole music you can take out all the sound with the form *42 sufficient. If you do it so, your sound becomes the overtone *21 and becomes the sound of a tune *37 of the Just intonation.
However, we can not take out nicely just all the sound as same tone. The nearness sound to TONICA *39 of overtone *21 sounds nicely. However, the sound of far overtone *21 makes up the stress. Its cause is change of the relation of other sound (the chord), in other words, the standard sound (the root sound) of the harmony.
And the stress when you takes out the sound that does not harmonize with the root sound makes up resistance *43 of the distortion with other sound together. It becomes the power of the expression of a various feeling. We call this work the nonharmonic note *44. And when that moved to the next sound, its feeling is canceled and it is solved and brings about a very refreshing sense (solution *45). However, the relation becomes opposite, when you misunderstand the standard. Therefore we should understand the relation of the details and be attentive to other sound and need know the whole.
Part 3 reference (unrewarding)
What is the Form *42? : "The condition of the body in the time which the voice is put out."
It is used very well but the explanation is difficult.
For example, let's try to sing certain sound, and let's try to sing the differed sound also. When you do so, the abdominal muscle to exert power changes. If it is the same sound the abdominal muscle is the same place. You may think that the form *42 is this power. It is changed by each sound.
You must do not change frequently, but you had better keep (TONIC *39 in always) same form.
Low sound can not be made with a form of high sound.
However, when you keep the form of low sound, the high sound affect is certainly richly. Its cause is that the sounds was built a very good musical interval because only the sound of Just intonation *21 goes out.
The most cause that the musical interval misses are the mistake of the standard of this form.
What is the good musical interval? : "It is decided with other sound."
The musical interval is not always to harmonize. There is the harmony (a chord) in three element of music. However, you must not think that all the sounds are always doing harmony. The sound that does harmony is called harmonic note *44. The sound that does not cause harmony is called nonharmonic note *44. Those are coexisting.
Even which note is included to a beautiful melody *48.
When the melody *48 moves to the sound fitting the neighbor smoothly this 2 kinds of notes will turn up alternately.
Nonharmonic note*44 resists *43 although sound tries to do harmony.
In other side, Harmonic tone *44 makes the harmony without the distortion if that was arrange, with the sound of Just intonation that is in overtone *21 relation. Good intonation is decided with the relation to the standard sound, in other words, the lowest-pitched sound (the Bass) always.
What is the harmony? : " The sound that consists of plural tone."
The change of the sound is made by 2 or more piece sounds.
Triad consists of 3 piece notes of the harmony. Those are Root note, dominant *39 that is in the relation that harmonizes most, and the note that is in the intermediate tone. And if we apply the root sound to TONIC *39 DOMINANTO *39 and SUBDOMINANTO *39, their are 3 main Triads. The harmony is composed of overtone *21 close to the standard sound (TONIC *39) of the condition (tone *40) that the music has. It has the main work that characterizes the tone *40.
Shall we always be thinking the chord? : "Do not disregard. "
It is because the study called the harmony is progressing. "All music are made with the harmony." Like this it is said. But, this manner explains as for the cut face of a moment when we analyze music. The harmony does not make the music.
Because the sound is including always the overtone *21 the echo of the sound *46 makes a sound effect with after another remains and overlap and encounter. The one that harmonizes amplifies still more and the sound of the discord makes the resistance *43 and makes tension.
It is utter Natural phenomenon *47. We must have the interest about whether it is doing harmony or not. However, we must never do to cause harmony.
Which is important, harmony or melody line? : " Melody line is important."
Needless to say it is the melody *48 line. Do not to cause harmony. If we are concerned with the melody of each other, the change of harmony is caused as harmonize or distorted.
Is there melody *48 in an accompaniment? : " There is it always."
There is it. We should think that always all the music are made with melody *48. In order that the sound has a meaning the combination of 2 or more pieces of sound are necessary. Very uncommonly there is the expression with only single sound, as the shout and voice when surprised occasionally. Ａｃｈ! Ｏｈ! Ｊａｈ! Etc. However, plural sound fits a set and most of the case establishes the meaning. Even the note that is making the sound of only harmony like a background is making melody *48 without fail. We must think so.
Even the organ point as continues endlessly, connect to the solution sound *45 finally. There are many melody *48 with the pause also.
# Can we find melody *48 on the score easily? : "It is not shown on the score."
The score is like the sentence that was written in the alphabet without the space between the word. Therefore, we must read the minimum unit as a word of the language.
Is not the bar line a space? : "No relation "
The bar line is not punctuation mark. Rather, in many cases a unit steps over the bar line. In the intonation of many west languages it is a few that the accent is on the first syllable. It uses when they emphasize etc. It has the article *49 usually, and the accent is after it. The melody is influenced by the word's intonation of using everyday. In Japanese opposite, there is many cases of melody *48 beginning from strong beat. Therefore it increases that melody *48 cuts in the place of the bar line.
In the music of the country that have no article *49 in its language such as Russia and Czech there are many case that melody *48 has same manner intonation as Japan after all. Also, the melody is not made on the score and decorate it each sound like the extemporaneous composition in the head and cause the change and be written. Therefore, to read pattern is necessary for us. Their can be divided to only several kinds of pattern.
＜Rhythm＞
What is the rhythm? : "The expression of sound."
It is the intonation of melody *48. We say ' Rhythms is good' as the good tone speaking, when we speak the word. Even the rhythm of dance is the rhythm of the word originally. It is not to divide time mechanically with keeping the tempo. In other words, the rhythm is the expression of each sound. It is not way of combining of tone. Therefore, ' We must make it short or we must add an accent' is not correct for the explanation of rhythm.
Is the syncopation replacing of the accent? : "Insufficient."
The following way to teach in syncopation is not essential at all. ' Make weak to the short note that comes on the first strong beat. Make this note clogged as attach the staccato. As for the next long note attach the accent. ' The note of the first strong beat is the last note of Melody *48 of before. It halts composure. Suddenly, the next melody *48 begin. The syncopation is the expression of breaking the flow as beginning like this. Therefore, only the similar pattern is not always. (Example ”Dye, Dah, Dah”)
The syncopation is even in the case of melody *48 that is with notes of only same length frequently.
What is strong beat & weak beat? : "The terminology of explanation."
This is the method that is easy to know and very convenient for explain of the intonation.
This word is due to explanation. It is nonexistent to make weak and also strengthen at a performance. You are easy to mistake it.
The beginning of beat and the right side of the bar line are stronger than other parts. If beat is divided to 2 pieces the beginnings piece consists stronger than the other piece after all. However, it is weaker than piece of more big beat. If we divides it 3 pieces, the beginning of each piece is more strong than other one. Three parts are said ' strong, weak, weak' individually. In fact, this is the rhythm extent of the minuet. This manner is correct as swing as 'strong, weak, middle strong' usually.
We must read carefully, as the beginning of strong beat and the beginning of a phrase are no agreement. In Japanese, especially standard language, there are many cases that the intonation of the word begins strong beat. However, there are many one put weak beat at front generally. (Auftakt *50)
What is the expression of rhythm? : "The change of sound"
Rhythm is the expression of the movement that we can see. Rhythm expresses such movements as slips, stops, rolls, and bounces. It is the change of the tone as 'pa, throw, rolling, and pop,' in the language.
Figure, 1
If the expression of sound is shown with the form the sound of the nature is that most are fading away with this figure gradually.
Sound of ' Boon' of the ham that goes out from machine, the buzzer and the flapping of mosquito's wings are that hardly changes. The sound that glass cracked is a sound in a moment. It is the problem of the state of mind, to seem that there is reverberation.
Sound of the siren such as the police car and wind etc. The special state of mind that is not daily is caused from the beginning of characteristic sound.
What are the Tempo & the Time? : "The word that shows the flow."
The tempo is the meaning of the flow and the speed in Italian. Even, we call the speed meter of the car the tempo meter. There is the one that expressed the number for one minute of beat that is a fundamental unit. That is the metronome number *51.
The beat is the indication of scale for the tempo. If we beat one time with 1 beat in one second we feel a relaxing flow. However, if we beat 2 time with 1 beat in same one second it becomes the flow for walks of parade. Incidentally one second is the length for 2 steps.
The indication of scale is never conspicuous. Sometime there is the case of the beat emphasized.
If a regular repetition of the rhythm of the beat is decided the gather as 2 pieces 4 pieces 3 pieces, it is called 2 time 3 time 4 time individually.
What is the rhythm of the beat? : "Intonation, step."
Music can be divided into the song and dance. The rhythm of the song is intonation. It of dance is step.
The rhythm of step is able to classify it into 2 sides, if we divide it. The rhythm which a horse running unequal is the one side. Compound time is called. Another side is the rhythm that divided equally beat 2 times. Simple time is called.
Is the simple time the basis of music? : "The Simple time does not exist in nature."
The simple time was made in the head of human. It has progressed from the beginning of 19th century with the thought for the equal together. The compound time is the rhythm naturally including the pulse of the heart. It was the model of the rhythm of music from the long time ago.
There is the time of another that says added time *52 for the music in the modern age. It is the time shown the simple time and the compound time alternately. In Greece and the Middle East, etc, it existed in the step of the dance from the old days.
How differ do 3/4 time and 6/8 time? : "2×3, 3×2"
3/4 time is 3 time as the simple time. 6/8 time is 2 time as the compound time. Both are the movement (swing *53) of a pendulum also.
If we will write the swing *53 on the score we think the rhythm of the unequal proportion of 2:1. If we add them it becomes 3 (time). Also, if 2 pieces of that gathers it is 6 (the time) of 2 times. If we gather 3 pieces or 4 pieces it is 9 time or 12 time. Those are never the rhythm that was divided to equality.
What is the Swing *53? : "The movement of the trapeze."
It is the movement of the pendulum . The start is the point of bottom. In other words it is in the position which will settle at last. Even the end and the beginning are there. As we think the movement from this, lifting with 2 beats returns to a source with 1 beat.
If you take start to the peak point the expression of movement has changed to unnatural one. Always we must take the starting point to the lowest point.
The relation of the intonation to taking the starting point of the beat is deep. Japanese attend to the frame of the beat as the digital. The person of West attends to the expression of beat as the analogue. The difference results from it.
# Is in-tempo necessary? : "Good! If you can do it."
The tempo sense is the important ability of player similar to musical interval impression *54. Also, this sense is less stable than the musical interval impression. When the music relaxes, your tempo becomes slowly. If it becomes busy your tempo becomes hurriedly together. When the time is without sound our tension becomes more. However, if we are hearing something the time will pass quickly. Therefore, the correction of the sense is necessary always. The in-tempo is indispensable as the training. However, fluctuation *55 is necessary for the performance of a natural flow also. But, if you do it without will it is no expression. It has to be a flow of good feeling on the listener's side. Needless to say, there is the demand of a very exact tempo sometimes. The in-tempo impression is necessary for your ability.
# How does the expression of the rhythm do it? : "It as we talk"
Music has the flow and the movement. There is the expression of a flow and movement in one note. If each note is same flow always it becomes monotonous music easily. Therefore the expression can not be attached by the case of the reed organ and electric sound. Their player must change the tempo consciously to supplement it. Conversely if you use the effect unchanged, it can also give excitement consciously. After all are expressed at the moment of pronunciation in the percussion instrument and piano, it relies on reverberation. However, on other player, the growth of the sound is the important expression means that produces the flow of music. Even if finish of a sound will be connected to the next sound or not do, it is able to express.
Figure, 2
A: the part of sound beginning
B: the part of sound growing
C: the part of sound finish
We can express everything by each part.
A teacher tries to teach the expression of rhythm with the strength relation of the sound, in order that the expression method of the piano and the percussion instrument are easy to explain it. However, rhythm must be caught as intonation. It is never the way that divides time mechanically, although it is said again.
If you can express it like speaking usually, it is good.
Dividing way of Time? : "Reading without thinking the meaning."
When you read rhythm from a score you will think in the following manner. 'How do share one beat?' or 'How many beats must I count?' However, if we read the melody *48 we do not notice the existence of beat. A composer analyzes the own image and measure with the beat mechanically and is writing. Therefore when the melody begins in the midway of a beat, end note of melody *48 before will be made shorter than length of original necessary tone. (Syncopation)
Even, 2 kinds of horse running rhythm are written to the same. It is the expression of the time that is running or walking slowly. However, it is difficult to judge on the musical note.
The pointed note rhythm is a beat unit? : "Small note is the tone of decoration."
In West, It is rarely to decorates *57 after long note like the KOBUSHI *56 of the Japanese folk song. There is the note of decoration at first usually. Therefore, we must attach the small note decorated *57 to the original note that comes later. If you do so, the note of decoration puts on just beginning and the important note exists on the beat naturally. If you try to put decorated note on the beat it is unnatural. If we are not concerned with that strongly it is very difficult. However, it comes naturally before, even if it does not try to do so, when we play actually.
We are calling AUFTAKT *50, about the note which begins like this.
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W.A.Mozart used the beginning of a strong beat particularly, with repel to the power of that era when the music with AUFTAKT *50 was loved. It is the thing known by this way that he showed the repulsion to noble and father. Also, Ludwig van Beethoven used to the atmosphere of country by changing the first motif to the form without AUFTAKT *50, in the Pastoral symphony. The country of that era is the area such as Hungary and Czech, Slovakia in now. It is the intonation of the language of the district. It may be very unique intonation for Beethoven who was born in Bonn, near France.
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<Composition>
What is the composition? : "A combination."
We call the musician who writes down just hit of a melody in the popular music the melody maker. However, we say the composition to melody changes and combines skillfully by the meaning of original usually. Melody *48 is made by the self or uses one of old days. As for W.A.Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven even were making many works by using the melody of the other's. However, nobody says that he plagiarized it.
The variation, the orchestration *59, and the composition, are the job of the composer for the expression.
What is the expression of the composer? : " Making a story."
If I say with a word he makes the development of the story. He does exposition, development, and recapitulation gradually. This form is the same as sonata form *60 of music entirely. When we think about opera *61 that became the big power of the development of West we are not able to separate the story and music.
To the opposite side, even there is the work that was written with only worth of music purely. (Music superiority principle *62)
What is the development of story? : "The progress on time."
It is no differ from the playbook of the act. We call the score the script (the playbook) sometime. Rather, it is able to express it third-dimensionally more than the book that is scratched to the drama. That can write the progress in time with real time *63 as the biggest characteristic.
What is the third-dimensionally？: "Polyphony"
There are forms of the Canon and the Fugue. For example, when one of the same melodies is beginning delay, or when we play several melodies that differ simultaneously, sometime the sound becomes muddy and sometime the sound becomes beauty very much, alternately. There is the interest about relation of the melody differed. We call the manner music polyphony music *64.
The harmonics theory explains about the sound of that moment.
Does the composer play? : "At the old days, composer = player. "
As for the era of J.S.BACH, the player and composer was same person. In other words, the performance was to do the composition. The person who does only a performance was not called the musician. It is getting especially the same in present when computer music *65 becomes prosperous.
How did he compose or play? : "With the extemporaneous composition."
The method was an extemporaneous composition. If he plays just as he hit on it he deadlocks right away. There is a limit to make new one. Thereupon, he goes doing the variation on fundamental melody *48. More also, it is doing variation to the variation.
How does the extemporaneous composition do it? : " with the combination of the pattern."
It is not a difficult. He changed each Motif *33 of melody *48 by several decided patterns (decorates *57）. It is the pattern of the finger moving, may be all most. Even the accidental case is not rare. It becomes to be evaluated as his personality.
Does the extemporaneous composition of jazz differ? : "The fossil of old music."
Entirely it is same. When era was J.S.BACH, Puritans load the Mayflower with the music in that time and brought to America. Jazz is the music that developed it on the basis of the melody of Africa where is the home of slaves. It have original form of baroque music *66.
Does the method of the composition now differ? : "Same."
It is not differ. The one that was thought immediately is written down to the score *67. Needless to say, it will be amended and be assembled to big constitution later. But the composer supplements the musical note with such as various symbols *68 to be played by many people so that it leads will even if he do not exchange a direct word.
Is not the composer of now a player? : "Specialization was become."
The Specializing division goes on in the modern age society. The composer and player are separated almost also in the world of music also. However, the knowledge of performance technology *69 is necessary to compose. Many composers who are culminating for even the player are. But he is not able to master the performance technology such as all the musical instruments. The many cases that it does not become sufficient description are. If he has a superb violin teacher in father *70 like Mozart, the description is very exact. As for the supplement of the player and editing person of after, there is not a necessity.
#Should the player request explanation to the composer? : "He does not answer true."
The description of a score is not sufficient for understanding of the will. Therefore, if a composer is existing we want to request explanation naturally. However, in many cases it does not reach to solution. Because there are lot of elements that was made without noticing composer such as his background and depth state of mind *10 in addition to intention *71 of the composer. There are not only it but also things, which he does not want to be touched on, may be. There are answers frequently such as ' Even which good.' or ' that is not meaning deeply.' to your question. There is numerously case that it is special for the others although it is not special for the composer.
However, we can see a face without make-up of composer on the score unexpectedly.
The score is the means of the sole communication for the composer. There is not a meaning if others can not understand it. In other words it is the same case as to nonexist.
#Is the composer the genius? : " The prize of effort is the talent. "
Return to the first question. Even all the composer produces many wonderful works by the learning.
If we rely to the talent without any effort we will be able to nothing for the music.
The end of part 1